The Cape Verde Gaming Licence regulates gambling activities under the oversight of the Inspecção Geral de Jogos (IGJ). This framework stems from Law no. 77/VI/2005 and Decree no. 1/2017, covering casino, bingo, poker, sports betting, lotteries, and online operations.
This article delivers data-driven insights for operators, legal experts, and stakeholders, drawing from official and industry sources on requirements, processes, and compliance.
📊Executive Dashboard
| Metric Categories | Details |
|---|---|
| Regulatory Foundation | Issuing jurisdiction: Cape Verde; Regulatory body: IGJ; Legal framework: Law 77/VI/2005, Decree 1/2017; Market coverage: National with online scope |
| Financial Requirements | License costs: Not publicly detailed; Annual fees: Renewal required; Capital requirements: Minimum paid-up USD 100,000 equivalent; Financial guarantees: Indemnity insurance or fidelity bond mandatory |
| Compliance Standards | AML requirements: Policy implementation; KYC procedures: Customer due diligence; Data protection: Standard safeguards; Reporting obligations: Ongoing to IGJ |
| Technical Specifications | Software certification: Required from approved labs; RNG testing: Mandatory; Security standards: Encryption protocols; Infrastructure: Local company setup |
| Operational Parameters | Game types: Casino, bingo, poker, sports betting, lottery, online; Betting limits: Regulated per decree; RTP requirements: Fairness testing; Payment systems: Segregated funds |
| Legal Framework | Background checks: Directors, shareholders; Audit requirements: Periodic; Dispute resolution: IGJ oversight; Penalty structure: Fines, suspension |
| Market Access | Geographic scope: International players; Tax obligations: State shares; Marketing restrictions: Compliant ads; Partnership rules: B2B approvals |
| Innovation Support | Technology adoption: Online permitted; Cryptocurrency: Not specified; Emerging games: Sports betting focus |
📋Regulatory Framework and Legal Foundation
Jurisdictional Authority, Legal Framework, and International Recognition
Cape Verde maintains a stable regulatory environment for gaming, supported by its island nation’s political framework. The IGJ operates as the central inspection service with functional autonomy under the Ministry of Tourism and Transport.
IGJ regulates all gambling, ensuring compliance through inspections and enforcement.
Law no. 77/VI/2005 establishes the core legal foundation, with Decree no. 1/2017 detailing game rules. Amendments in 2010 refined online aspects without altering legality.
Market coverage spans land-based and online operations nationwide. International treaty implications remain limited, focusing on national enforcement.
Cross-border permissions allow global player access, subject to operator compliance with target jurisdictions. Restrictions apply to prohibited activities.
Regulatory cooperation occurs with financial bodies like Banco de Cabo Verde for AML. No broad international gaming treaties noted.
Recognition by organizations is emerging, tied to African market growth. Gambling databases analysis reveals modest international standing.
| Contact Type | Details |
|---|---|
| Official Name | Inspecção Geral de Jogos (IGJ) |
| Physical Address | Praia, República de Cabo Verde |
| General Phone | +238 260 48 43/34, +238 260 18 77 |
| Licensing Email | [email protected] |
| Official Website | https://igj.cv/ |
| Office Hours | Segunda-Sexta: 8:00-17:00 |
License Application Process, Qualification Criteria, and Timeline Management
Processing timelines vary, typically spanning months due to due diligence phases. Applicants submit via IGJ channels post-company formation.
Required documents include business plans, financial statements, and technical specs. Background checks cover directors and owners.
Operators must prove financial stability; inadequate proof leads to rejection.
Financial standards demand minimum capital of USD 100,000 equivalent in cash or securities. Proof of funds is mandatory.
Business plans require market analysis, operations, and projections. Evaluation criteria assess viability and compliance readiness.
Technical docs cover software certification and RNG testing from approved labs. Fees structure not publicly fixed.
Review stages involve IGJ communication and potential requests. Common pitfalls include incomplete AML policies.
Rejection reasons often tie to unfit directors or insufficient capital. Pre-submission advisor engagement recommended.
Corporate Structure Requirements, Legal Entity Formation, and Operational Presence
Company must register under Commercial Code as corporation or limited liability entity. Foreign ownership reaches 100%.
Minimum three directors of any nationality, no residency mandate. Corporate directors permitted if fit.
Shareholders: Minimum two, with transparency on beneficial owners. Ownership limits absent.
Appoint approved compliance officer pre-application for smooth processing.
Physical office not strictly mandated but operational presence expected. Local representative optional.
Governance demands fit directors with authority. Organizational charts required.
Subsidiary structures allowed under holding companies. Management hierarchy documented.
| Requirement Category | Specific Requirements | Details/Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Company Structure | Corporation, LLC | Cape Verde Commercial Code |
| Minimum Share Capital | USD 100,000 equiv. | Paid-up in cash/securities |
| Shareholder Requirements | Min 2, any nationality | Background checks |
| Director Requirements | Min 3, fit/proper | No residency needed |
| Physical Presence | Operational setup | No strict office |
| Corporate Good Standing | Stability proof | Financial records |
| Background Checks | Directors/shareholders | Criminal/financial |
| Financial Guarantees | Insurance/bond | Indemnity coverage |
| Professional Qualifications | Compliance officer | IGJ approved |
| Industry Experience | Preferred for mgmt. | Business plan shows |
| Business Plan | Full projections | Market/ops/financial |
| Source of Funds | Proof required | Bank statements |
Compliance Framework, Reporting Obligations, and Ongoing Oversight
AML policies must align with national standards, integrated into operations. KYC demands customer verification.
Enhanced due diligence for high-risk players. Data protection follows privacy norms.
Failure to report suspicious activity risks license revocation.
Reporting frequency includes periodic financials to IGJ. Revenue and player funds audited.
External audits verify compliance annually. Monitoring systems track real-time activity.
Suspicious reports filed promptly. Inspections occur unannounced by IGJ teams.
💰Financial Structure and Operational Requirements
Financial Obligations, Cost Structure, and Taxation Framework
Acquisition fees undisclosed publicly; application involves non-refundable payments. Renewal annual post-approval.
Validity period typically yearly, with amortization over term. Tax on gross gaming revenue shares to state.
Corporate taxes apply standard rates; player winnings untaxed directly. VAT exemptions possible for gaming.
Data compiled by Gambling databases indicates low tax burden compared to EU jurisdictions.
Guarantees require bank bonds or insurance. Liquidity maintained via reserves.
Professional insurance covers indemnity and cyber risks. Reserves ensure operational continuity.
Total ownership costs favor Cape Verde for entry-level operators. Comparison shows affordability.
Technical Infrastructure, Security Standards, and Certification Requirements
Software certified by accredited labs pre-launch. RNG tested continuously for fairness.
Encryption mandates SSL/TLS minimum. Server locations flexible but compliant.
Data centers need redundancy. Disaster recovery plans tested periodically.
Conduct annual penetration testing to meet security baselines.
DDoS measures required. Patch management ongoing.
Third-party integrations vetted. Non-compliance in security exposes operators to immediate IGJ intervention and fines.
Game Regulations, Product Compliance, and Payment Integration
Permitted: Casino, bingo, poker, sports betting, lottery, online. Prohibited: Unspecified high-risk games.
RTP monitored via certification. Betting limits per game rules.
Jackpots managed with contributions. Live dealers if certified.
Payment providers licensed; funds segregated. Payouts timely.
Segregation protects players, boosting trust in Cape Verde operations.
Crypto not explicitly regulated. Multi-currency supported.
🌍Market Operations and Strategic Advantages
Market Access, Commercial Opportunities, and Partnership Models
Access spans Africa and beyond for online. White-label via approvals.
B2B partnerships reviewed by IGJ. Affiliates regulated on commissions.
Consider local laws in target markets despite broad scope.
Brand licensing standard. Recognition growing in Africa.
Entry barriers low; competition modest. Revenue models flexible.
Player Protection, Responsible Gaming, and Marketing Compliance
Self-exclusion tools mandatory. Age verification strict.
Deposit/loss limits implemented. Intervention resources provided.
Complaints routed to IGJ. Ads pre-approved.
Bonus terms must be transparent to avoid penalties.
Sponsorships disclosed. Marketing budgets monitored.
Violating minor protection triggers severe enforcement.
Technology Integration, Innovation Support, and Operational Infrastructure
AI/blockchain permitted if compliant. Mobile apps certified.
API standards enforced. Esports betting emerging.
Post-licensing guidance via IGJ. Renewal annual.
Limited incentives noted; focus on compliance over innovation perks.
Disputes via ADR. Enforcement includes fines.
Market Statistics, Performance Metrics, and Regulatory Trends
Approval rates undisclosed; processing 6-12 months estimated. Few licensed operators noted.
Growth tied to tourism. Revenue metrics positive for casinos.
Enforcement low historically. Trends favor online expansion.
🔄How to Apply for Cape Verde Gaming Licence – Complete Application Process
The application targets operators forming local entities for gaming. Timeline spans 9-15 months amid due diligence. Complexity demands legal advisors.
Pre-Application Preparation and Corporate Setup
Initial phase assesses eligibility: verify capital, gather docs like passports, engage advisors (4-6 weeks). Financial review confirms USD 100,000 minimum.
Second phase incorporates company under Commercial Code: register corporation/LLC, deposit capital, appoint min 3 directors/shareholders (6-8 weeks). Submit organizational chart early.
Choose fit directors; background checks delay if unfit.
Third phase secures guarantees: open bank account, obtain indemnity insurance/bond, prove funds via statements (3-4 weeks). IGJ pre-approves compliance officer.
Ensure 100% foreign ownership docs. Governance policies drafted.
Technical Infrastructure and Documentation
Fourth phase certifies tech: test RNG/software at labs, setup secure servers, integrate payments (8-12 weeks). Encryption and redundancy verified.
Fifth phase compiles docs: business plan with projections, AML/KYC policies, technical specs, background reports (4-6 weeks). Include RTP monitoring plan.
Tailor plan to permitted games like sports betting.
Address game fairness testing. Payment segregation outlined.
Application Submission and Review
Sixth phase submits to IGJ: pay fees, track via email, respond promptly (1-2 weeks). Full package uploaded.
Seventh phase undergoes review: due diligence, inspections, info requests (8-16 weeks). Cooperate fully.
Eighth phase post-approval activates: register database, finalize compliance (3-4 weeks). Launch follows.
Total 9-15 months; costs vary with advisors. Professional guidance mitigates rejections.
⚖️How to Maintain Compliance with Cape Verde Gaming Licence Requirements
Ongoing compliance prevents suspension; lapses incur fines. Responsibilities fall to appointed officer continuously.
Compliance Management and AML/KYC Operations
Foundation appoints officer, sets calendar for reviews, installs monitoring tools (setup, quarterly). Policies documented.
AML/KYC verifies customers, conducts due diligence, monitors suspicious (continuous, monthly). Train staff annually.
High-risk clients trigger enhanced checks; neglect risks penalties.
Records kept 5+ years. Audits internal quarterly.
Financial, Technical, and Gaming Compliance
Segregate funds monthly, renew guarantees, report taxes (quarterly/annual). Audits external yearly.
RNG renews testing, updates software, audits security (annual). Infrastructure GDPR-aligned.
Verify RTP continuously; approve games pre-launch, enforce limits.
Patch management prevents breaches effectively.
Provider certifications current. Jackpots audited.
Player Protection and Regulatory Reporting
Self-exclusion active, limits enforced, interventions prompt (continuous). Complaints logged monthly.
Ads pre-approved, bonuses transparent, monitor social (ongoing). Sponsorships disclosed.
Reports monthly/quarterly/annual to IGJ; incidents immediate. Renewal prep yearly.
Commitment via audits/consultants essential. Non-compliance leads to revocation.
❓FAQ
What is Cape Verde Gaming Licence and which regulatory authority issues it?
The Cape Verde Gaming Licence authorizes casino, bingo, poker, sports betting, lotteries, and online gambling. Governed by Law 77/VI/2005 and Decree 1/2017.
IGJ issues and oversees licenses as the central inspectorate. Operates under Ministry of Tourism and Transport.
Framework ensures fair play via inspections. Online operations fully legal.
What are the primary benefits of obtaining Cape Verde Gaming Licence for gambling operators?
Benefits include 100% foreign ownership and low entry barriers. Targets African markets effectively.
Stable jurisdiction with modest costs. Permitted activities cover diverse verticals.
Quick setup for online focus. Growing tourism boosts land-based potential.
What are the initial costs and ongoing fees associated with Cape Verde Gaming Licence?
Initial requires min USD 100,000 capital plus insurance. Application fees non-refundable but undisclosed.
Ongoing annual renewals and taxes on revenue. Guarantees renewed periodically.
Total lower than EU peers per industry analysis.
What are the main application requirements and qualification criteria?
Local company with 3 directors, 2 shareholders. Business plan, financial proof, tech certs.
Fit/proper persons via checks. AML/KYC policies integral.
Timeline 9-15 months post-prep.
Which types of gambling activities are permitted under Cape Verde Gaming Licence?
Casino gambling, bingo, poker, sports betting, lottery, Bitcoin/online. Land-based in designated areas.
Prohibited unspecified high-risk. RTP fairness mandated.
Live dealers if certified.
What geographic markets can be accessed with Cape Verde Gaming Licence?
Global online access, strong Africa focus. Comply with local laws.
No whitelist; broad scope. Cross-border permissions flexible.
What are the key compliance obligations for Cape Verde Gaming Licence holders?
AML/KYC, segregated funds, RNG testing. Reporting periodic to IGJ.
Security audits annual. Player protection tools.
Inspections unannounced.
How does Cape Verde Gaming Licence compare to other major gambling licenses?
Affordable vs Curacao/Malta; less prestige. Easier entry than UKGC.
Similar to emerging African hubs. Low taxes advantage.
What are the tax implications for operators holding Cape Verde Gaming Licence?
GGR tax to state; corporate standard. No player winnings tax.
VAT exemptions likely. Reserves maintained.
What technical and infrastructure requirements must be met?
RNG/software certified, SSL encryption. Redundancy/disaster plans.
Payment segregation. Annual pen-tests.
How long does the application process take for Cape Verde Gaming Licence?
9-15 months total. Prep 4-6 months, review 8-16 weeks.
Due diligence key delay factor.
What are the penalties for non-compliance with Cape Verde Gaming Licence requirements?
Fines, suspension, revocation. Criminal for severe breaches.
IGJ enforces via inspections.
Can Cape Verde Gaming Licence be transferred to another company or entity?
Requires IGJ approval post-review. Full due diligence.
Not automatic; new checks apply.
What ongoing reporting and audit requirements apply to Cape Verde Gaming Licence holders?
Monthly/quarterly financials, annual audits. Incidents immediate.
Revenue/player funds detailed.
How does Cape Verde Gaming Licence address responsible gambling and player protection?
Self-exclusion, limits, verification. Intervention tools.
Complaints to IGJ. Age/minor safeguards.
What post-licensing support is available from the regulatory authority?
Guidance via IGJ consultations. Renewal processes.
Inspection protocols clear.
What are the special investment incentives for operators?
Tourism-linked growth support. Low barriers noted.
No explicit tax reliefs detailed.
What is the current approval rate for license applications?
Undisclosed; modest operator count suggests selective. Fit applicants succeed.
What are the latest regulatory changes affecting operators?
Decree 1/2017 refined rules. Online emphasis ongoing.
📞Sources
Official Regulatory Sources
- IGJ Official Website
- IGJ About and Legal Framework
- IGJ Licensing Contacts
- Government Portal and Partners
- IGJ Regulatory Guidance
Industry Legal Analysis
- Cape Verde Gaming License Overview
- iGamingToday Cabo Verde Report
- XD Africa Licensing Coverage
- SiGMA Cape Verde Analysis
- Bookmakers.bet Framework Review
Compliance and Technical Standards
- Offshore License AML Guidelines
- Macau Business Standards
- UIF Financial Crime Prevention
- IGJ Data Protection Notes
- IMF Audit Assessment
Market Intelligence and Industry Reports
- iGamingToday Market Report
- PanaPress Industry News
- XD Africa Market Intel
- YB Case Trends
- Consultoria Licensing Comparisons
🎰Gambling Databases Rating: Cape Verde Gaming Licence
| Evaluation Dimension | Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Operator Viability Score | 4.2/10 | 🔴Poor 3-4 |
| Regulatory Quality Score | 3.8/10 | 🔴Poor 3-4 |
| Overall GDR Rating | 4.0/10 | High uncertainty due to opaque processes and limited recognition |
| International Recognition | ⭐⭐ Limited Tier | |
This rating is calculated using the Gambling Databases Rating (GDR) methodology, which provides transparent criteria for evaluating gambling licenses for the iGaming industry. Click the link to learn how we calculate Operator Viability Score, Regulatory Quality Score, and International Recognition ratings.
⚠️CRITICAL LIMITATIONS & RISKS
READ THIS BEFORE PURSUING THIS LICENSE:
- Undisclosed fees and USD 100,000 minimum capital create unpredictable initial outlay exceeding €150,000 with legal/consulting costs
- 9-15 month application timeline ties up capital with no revenue, high rejection risk from incomplete info
- 3 directors and operational presence required despite modest market; compliance officer mandatory
- Broad online access claimed but poor global recognition limits payment providers and partnerships
- Unclear enforcement history, Portuguese-language docs, and emerging African jurisdiction raise predictability concerns
- GGR tax to state plus corporate taxes; reserves and annual audits add ongoing burden without quantified relief
📊Operator Viability Score Breakdown
| Criterion | Weight | Score | Justification (INCLUDING ALL DEDUCTIONS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Accessibility | 25% | 1.2/2.5 | Min USD 100,000 capital (~€92,000, in €50-150k range +2.0). Financial guarantees/insurance mandatory (-0.3). Hidden fees like audits/inspections likely (-0.2). Renewal annual undisclosed but expected (-0.3). Final: 1.2/2.5 |
| Application Process Efficiency | 20% | 0.5/2.0 | 9-15 months timeline (12-18 months range +0.5). Unclear/undisclosed fees and docs (-0.5). No English support, Portuguese site (-0.3). Arbitrary pitfalls like unfit directors noted (-0.5). Frequent rejections from incomplete AML (-0.3, assumed high rate). Final: 0.5/2.0 |
| Operational Requirements | 20% | 1.2/2.0 | Local company/operational presence (+1.5). Mandatory 3 directors any nationality (-0.3). Compliance officer IGJ-approved (-0.2). No servers/staff mandates but infrastructure expected (-0.1). Final: 1.2/2.0 |
| Market Access & Commercial Value | 20% | 0.8/2.0 | Limited multi-country (African focus) +1.0. Poor reputation limits B2B/partnerships (-0.5). No explicit white-label ban but approvals needed (-0.3). Selective payment acceptance due to obscurity (-0.3). Final: 0.8/2.0 |
| Tax Structure & Profitability | 15% | 0.5/1.5 | GGR tax to state (15-25% assumed +1.2). Unclear methodology (-0.3). Corporate taxes standard, reserves required (-0.2). Multiple layers possible (-0.2). Final: 0.5/1.5 |
⚖️Regulatory Quality Score Breakdown
| Criterion | Weight | Score | Justification (INCLUDING ALL DEDUCTIONS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regulatory Framework Clarity | 30% | 1.0/3.0 | Moderate clarity via Law 77/VI/2005, Decree 1/2017 (+1.0). Regulations in Portuguese only (-0.5). Lack of published detailed fees/timelines/guidance (-0.3). Discretionary IGJ evaluation (-0.5). Final: 1.0/3.0 |
| Compliance Standards & Obligations | 25% | 1.2/2.5 | Moderate AML/KYC, reporting (+1.8). Periodic audits/inspections (-0.3). Mandatory local compliance officer (-0.2). Unclear real-time standards (-0.3). Final: 1.2/2.5 |
| Regulatory Authority Reputation | 20% | 0.6/2.0 | Mixed/emerging reputation (+1.0). Limited international standing (-0.3). Poor communication/English support (-0.3). No corruption noted but obscurity concerns (-0.1). Final: 0.6/2.0 |
| Enforcement & Dispute Resolution | 15% | 0.5/1.5 | Inconsistent enforcement implied (+0.5). Fines/suspension noted but no due process details (-0.3). Language barriers (-0.2). IGJ oversight unclear (-0.3). Final: 0.5/1.5 |
| Political & Economic Stability | 10% | 0.5/1.0 | Generally stable island nation (+0.7). Emerging economy concerns (-0.2). Final: 0.5/1.0 |
🌍International Recognition Analysis
Industry Reputation: ⭐⭐
Recognition Tier: Limited Tier
Payment Provider Acceptance: Selective; many processors decline due to obscurity and lack of established track record
B2B Partnership Appeal: Low; modest operators only, difficult for white-label or major platforms
Regulatory Cooperation: Minimal; no noted agreements with major jurisdictions like Malta/UK
Industry Perception: Emerging African option but overlooked vs Curacao/Anjouan due to info gaps
License-Specific Reputation Factors:
- Historical Performance: Modest operator count, low enforcement visibility
- Operator Track Record: Few known holders; tourism-casino focus over iGaming
- Enforcement History: No major actions documented, implying low activity or opacity
- Media Coverage: Sparse; occasional African hub mentions but no deep analysis
- Peer Jurisdiction View: Ignored by established regulators
Known Restrictions or Concerns:
- Payment providers hesitant on African/emerging licenses
- No explicit blacklists but low acceptance assumed
- Portuguese-language barrier limits verification
- Undisclosed fees raise due diligence issues
🔍Key Highlights
✅Strengths
- 100% foreign ownership with no nationality limits on shareholders/directors
- USD 100,000 min capital relatively low vs EU peers
- Broad game types permitted including online/sports betting
- Stable political environment in island nation
⚠️Weaknesses
- Fees/timelines undisclosed creating planning uncertainty
- 9-15 month process delays revenue significantly
- Portuguese-only official resources hinder non-locals
- Poor global recognition limits payments/partnerships
- Unclear tax rates and enforcement precedents
🚨CRITICAL ISSUES
- Cost Concerns: USD 100,000 capital + undisclosed fees/insurance; legal costs push €150k+
- Timeline Problems: 9-15 months with due diligence delays from background/AML gaps
- Operational Burdens: 3 directors, compliance officer, operational presence required
- Market Limitations: African focus with limited B2B appeal due to obscurity
- Regulatory Risks: Discretionary IGJ approvals, no English guidance
- Reputation Concerns: Overlooked internationally vs established offshore options
💰Total Cost of Ownership Analysis
Initial Costs (Year 1):
Application Fee: Undisclosed/non-refundable
License Fee: Undisclosed initial payment
Capital Requirement: USD 100,000 (~€92,000) paid-up
Financial Guarantees: Indemnity insurance/bond required
Legal & Consulting: €50,000-€80,000 realistic for advisors/translations
Operational Setup: €20,000-€40,000 company formation/infrastructure
Year 1 Total: €200,000-€300,000 conservative estimate
Ongoing Costs (Annual):
License Renewal: Undisclosed annual fee expected €20,000+
Compliance Costs: €30,000+ audits/officer/inspections
Operational Costs: €50,000+ directors/maintenance
Tax Burden: 20% GGR on €10M = €2M+ corporate/reserves
Annual Total: €150,000-€250,000+ excluding taxes
5-Year Total Cost of Ownership:
Total Investment Over 5 Years: €800,000-€1,300,000
Profitability Assessment: Viable only for operators generating €10M+ GGR targeting Africa with tolerance for delays and obscurity
📋Final Verdict
Cape Verde Gaming Licence receives an Operator Viability Score of 4.2/10 and a Regulatory Quality Score of 3.8/10, resulting in an Overall GDR Rating of 4.0/10. The license has an International Recognition rating of ⭐⭐.
HONEST ASSESSMENT: This obscure African license offers low capital entry but suffers from undisclosed fees, 9-15 month delays, and Portuguese-only documentation that frustrate international operators. Limited recognition hampers payments and partnerships while discretionary IGJ processes introduce rejection risks. Suitable only as niche African play for patient, low-budget startups avoiding established jurisdictions.
✅Recommended For /❌Not Recommended For
✅RECOMMENDED FOR:
Operators Should Consider If:
- Small operator with €200k+ budget targeting African markets exclusively
- Tolerance for 12+ month timelines and translation costs
- Can commit to 3 directors and local compliance setup
- Strategic Africa focus outweighs global recognition needs
❌NOT RECOMMENDED FOR:
Operators Should Avoid If:
- Startup needing quick launch under 6 months
- Limited capital below €250k or risk-averse to opacity
- Requiring broad global payments/B2B partnerships
- Targeting EU/Asia where recognition fails
- Unable to handle Portuguese docs or local directors
- Seeking established regulatory predictability
⚖️BOTTOM LINE:
Poor value for most operators due to opacity, delays, and limited recognition unless African niche is strategically irreplaceable and budget tight.
