The service operates on a robust infrastructure designed to provide seamless digital payment solutions globally. Licensed and regulated primarily by the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), it complies with stringent regulatory frameworks including AML and KYC standards. The platform offers a prepaid Mastercard® supported physical and virtual card system integrated with a digital wallet, facilitating both online and offline transactions across multiple currencies.

The service’s key features include multi-currency support, instant peer-to-peer transfers within the platform, prepaid virtual and physical cards, and wearable payment devices. It supports top-up via prepaid vouchers from authorized retail stores, bank transfers, and cryptocurrency. The platform targets widespread accessibility catering to over 1 million users in more than 100 markets, emphasizing security, user convenience, and rapid transaction processing.
This article presents a detailed analysis of the company’s corporate structure, compliance environment, technical capabilities, transaction processing systems, fee structures, and customer service infrastructure. It is designed to serve fintech professionals, payment system users, and compliance officers seeking deep insights into the payment method’s operational and regulatory landscape.
📊 Executive Dashboard
| Indicator | Description/Value |
|---|---|
| Foundation | 2014 (MUCHBETTER LIMITED registered) |
| Ownership | Privately held by Rtekk Holdings Limited |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Licenses | FCA Authorisation (FRN 900704), FCA-regulated card issuer Paynovate SA (Ref. 900970, Belgium) |
| Regulatory Compliance | AML/KYC enforced, PCI DSS Level 1 v4 certification |
| Currencies Supported | Multiple fiat currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, etc.), cryptocurrency funding options |
| Transaction Types | P2P transfers, prepaid card payments (virtual/physical), contactless payments, wearables, recurring payments |
| Limits (post-verification) | POS daily up to $10,000; 100 POS transactions/day; wearables daily spend up to $250 |
| Processing Times | Bank transfers: 3-5 business days; Crypto withdrawals: 30-60 min; Card payments: instantaneous |
| Fee Structure | Physical card issuance/ replacement $17.99; virtual card free; most transactions free; crypto withdrawal 2%; ATM 0.99% |
| Customer Support Channels | Email, app-based contact, phone (limited availability), virtual assistant chat |
| Security Features | 2FA, biometric authentication, dynamic CVV codes, encryption, anti-fraud monitoring |
| User Ratings | Mixed reviews: praised for innovative features, criticized for customer support delays |
🏢 Corporate Structure, Regulatory Compliance, Market Position
The service is operated by MUCHBETTER LIMITED, a private limited company incorporated in the United Kingdom in 2014. It is owned by Rtekk Holdings Limited and runs from its headquarters in London. The executive team is led by seasoned professionals with over two decades of experience in online and mobile payments. The company maintains subsidiaries and partnerships including Paynovate SA, a card issuer regulated by the FCA in Belgium.

The provider has a growing global presence with over one million users across 100+ markets. While praised for its innovative contactless payment solutions and dynamic security features, user feedback highlights recurring issues related to customer support responsiveness and account verification delays. The platform also has visible recognition in the fintech industry for innovation and operational agility.
💻 Technical Infrastructure, Transaction Processing, Financial Operations
The service supports a wide range of fiat currencies including USD, EUR, GBP, and others, alongside cryptocurrency as a funding method but does not hold proprietary tokens. Currency conversions use authorised exchange rates updated regularly, with foreign exchange fees applied as detailed in fee schedules. Some country-specific restrictions apply based on regulatory requirements.
Transaction capabilities cover peer-to-peer transfers within the platform free of charge (same currency), payments via virtual and physical prepaid Mastercard cards, wearable payment devices, and recurring billing options. Users can top up using prepaid vouchers from authorized retail outlets or bank transfers. Payment scheduling and group payments are supported within the app ecosystem.
How to Manage Your Transactions Step-by-Step
- Open the app and select ‘Send Money’ or ‘Pay Merchant’.
- Enter recipient details or scan a QR code for swift transfers.
- Select payment method: virtual card, physical card, or wallet balance.
- For recurring payments, set frequency and amount, and confirm authorization.
- Schedule payments in advance by selecting date and time.
- Create payment links to share for group payments or invoicing.
- Export your transaction history via app settings for accounting or records.
- To dispute or refund a transaction, contact support within the app with relevant transaction details.
- Track transaction status in real-time via notification center.
- Maintain updated verification to unlock higher transaction capabilities.
Transaction limits vary by verification status: unverified accounts have a lifetime cap of approximately £150, while verified users enjoy daily POS spending limits up to $10,000 and monthly cumulative limits near $90,000. Limits also apply distinctly for card use, ATM withdrawals, and contactless payments.
How to Manage Your Transaction Limits Step-by-Step
- Log into the app and access ‘Account Limits’ in settings.
- Review your current verified status and applicable limits.
- Request limit increase via the ‘Verification’ section by uploading ID and residence proofs.
- Complete biometric selfie verification if prompted.
- Monitor limit usage periodically in the dashboard.
- Plan large transactions in advance to avoid hitting limits unexpectedly.
- Contact customer support if limit requests are delayed or denied.
Funding your account may be performed via bank card, bank transfer, or cryptocurrency deposit. Bank transfers take 3-5 business days, while cryptocurrency crediting occurs within 30-60 minutes. Top-ups with prepaid vouchers available in select countries offer instant crediting with no fees.
How to Fund Your Account Step-by-Step
- Open your app and navigate to ‘Add Funds’.
- Select funding method: bank card, bank transfer, crypto, or prepaid voucher.
- For bank card, enter your card details and confirm payment.
- For bank transfers, note the beneficiary account details and initiate transfer.
- For crypto, send from your wallet to the provided address and wait for confirmation.
- Redeem prepaid vouchers by entering the unique code in the app.
- Verify deposit completion; monitor notifications for funding status.
- If delayed, request confirmation from support within the app or by email.
- Track pending deposits under the ‘Transactions’ tab.
Withdrawal operations include transferring wallet funds back to bank accounts or cryptocurrency wallets, with processing times of 3-5 business days for bank withdrawals and typically 30-60 minutes for crypto withdrawals. Withdrawal fees vary, with crypto withdrawal fees typically around 2%. Withdrawals via card are subject to Mastercard POS spending limits.
The fee structure is clear: physical cards cost approximately $17.99 for issuance and replacement, virtual cards are free, most payment transactions incur no charge, crypto withdrawal fees are 2%, and ATM withdrawals attract a 0.99% fee in permitted countries. There are no inactivity or maintenance fees, and VIP tiers offer higher transaction limits rather than direct cost discounts.
How to Optimize Fees and Reduce Transaction Costs Step-by-Step
- Review the fee schedule in the app or on the website before transacting.
- Use virtual cards for free payment processing without card issuance fees.
- Fund your account via prepaid vouchers or bank transfers to avoid card funding fees.
- Limit crypto withdrawals or combine them to reduce cumulative fees.
- Maintain regular account activity to avoid any long-term restrictions.
- Check for any available promo codes during account registration or top-up.
- Upgrade verification to increase limits and access fee-free transaction thresholds.
- Track fees paid in monthly statements for budgeting.
- Compare funding and withdrawal methods for cost efficiency before usage.
📞 User Experience, Security Infrastructure, Specialized Services
Contact Information
| Contact Type | Details | Availability |
|---|---|---|
| Official Website | https://muchbetter.com | 24/7 Online Access |
| Customer Support Email | [email protected] | Mon-Sun 9:00-18:00 GMT Approx. |
| Customer Support Phone (Canada) | +1 (888) 807-2215 | Limited hours, primarily business days |
| https://linkedin.com/company/mir-muchbetter | Active | |
| Twitter (X) | https://x.com/paymuchbetter | Active |
| https://www.facebook.com/paymuchbetter | Moderate Activity |
Contacts were verified through direct searches for official company websites and social channels, cross-checked with customer service policies and public support data. The service lacks a 24/7 live chat; customer support is mainly via email, with phone support availability limited geographically and hours-wise. Social media channels provide company updates and engagement but are not direct support portals.
How to Contact Customer Support Step-by-Step
- Visit the official website and navigate to the ‘Help’ or ‘Contact’ section.
- Use the provided customer support email for inquiries or complaints.
- For urgent issues in Canada, call the designated phone number during business hours.
- Use the MuchBetter app’s virtual assistant chat for common queries.
- Document your issue clearly with account details and transaction references.
- Escalate unresolved issues by requesting supervisor contact via email.
- Track your submitted support tickets through email responses or app notifications.
- Provide any requested documentation promptly to facilitate quicker resolution.
- Request a callback if available and appropriate for more complex concerns.
Account registration involves providing basic personal data, including government-issued identification and residency confirmation. Verification is mandatory for higher transaction limits and card ordering. The platform supports corporate accounts with tailored onboarding. Verification turnaround averages 24-48 hours but can extend based on document quality or volume.
How to Set Up and Verify Your Account Step-by-Step
- Download the MuchBetter app from your device’s app store.
- Register using your email and mobile phone number.
- Upload valid identity documents such as passport or national ID.
- Confirm your residential address by submitting a utility bill or bank statement.
- Complete biometric selfie verification if prompted.
- Wait for verification confirmation via email or app notification.
- Re-submit documents if verification fails or is rejected.
- Update verification documents if personal details change.
- Upgrade account status by providing additional documents for corporate accounts.
The platform employs multi-layered security including 2FA, biometric authentication, encryption, and dynamic CVV codes on cards. Continuous fraud monitoring and AML measures are active, with rapid response to suspicious activity. Account holders must secure their credentials and report any unauthorized transactions immediately.
How to Configure Your Security Settings Step-by-Step
- Access the app’s security settings.
- Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) via SMS or authenticator app.
- Set up biometric login if supported on your device (fingerprint, face ID).
- Choose a strong, unique password and update it periodically.
- Activate login and transaction notifications.
- Review activity logs for suspicious actions regularly.
- Immediately report unauthorized access through app or support email.
- Follow recovery prompts to regain control in case of account compromise.
- Maintain updated contact details to receive security alerts promptly.
The platform’s user interface, available via mobile app and web browser, supports multilingual options and features personalization, dark mode, and offline access to some functionality. The app regularly updates with new enhancements, supporting developer API integrations for merchant partners. The service also offers additional financial products such as multi-currency wallets, virtual disposable cards, and loyalty rewards.
Specialized services include a corporate prepaid card solution designed for business expense management, integrating with expense reporting and real-time receipt uploads. The platform accommodates gambling transactions within regulated jurisdictions, providing expense tracking and notifications to promote responsible usage.
How to Maximize Loyalty Rewards and Benefits Step-by-Step
- Enroll in the loyalty program through your account dashboard.
- Earn points on eligible purchases with your prepaid card or wallet.
- Redeem your points for cashback, discounts, or exclusive offers.
- Reach VIP status by increasing transaction volume and account activity.
- Participate in seasonal promotions and events for bonus rewards.
- Refer friends to the service to earn additional referral bonuses.
- Regularly track your loyalty balance and expiry dates in the app.
- Combine rewards offers where permitted to maximize benefits.
- Use reward notifications to plan purchases that maximize earning potential.
❓ FAQ Section: Practical User Guidance
How do I register and verify my account with this payment service, and what are the requirements?
Register by downloading the app and signing up with your email and phone number. You will need to provide government-issued ID and proof of residence for verification. A selfie biometric verification may also be required for full account activation.
Verification typically completes within 24 to 48 hours but can take longer if document quality is poor. Verification increases your transaction limits and unlocks card ordering. Corporate accounts require additional documentation during setup.
Maintain valid and updated documents in your profile to avoid service interruptions. Unverified accounts have lower limits and reduced service functionalities.
What are the transaction limits, fees, and processing times for deposits and withdrawals?
Unverified accounts have very low cumulative limits. Verified users can spend up to $10,000 daily on card payments with monthly limits around $90,000. Limits vary by transaction type and country regulations.
Most transactions, including wallet top-ups by bank card or transfers, incur no fees. Crypto withdrawals carry a 2% fee; ATM withdrawals have 0.99% fees where supported. Physical cards cost $17.99 for issuance.
Bank transfers to and from the service take 3-5 business days. Crypto transactions are faster, generally completing within 30-60 minutes. Card payments are processed instantly.
How secure is this payment service and what protection measures are in place for my funds?
The platform uses PCI DSS Level 1 v4 certification and encryption protocols to secure payment data. Multi-factor authentication and biometric logins fortify account security. Dynamic CVV and tokenization protect card transactions.
Regular fraud monitoring and AML systems detect and block suspicious activity. Users are advised to maintain credential confidentiality and immediately report any unauthorized transactions. Lost or stolen cards can be frozen via the app.
Funds are held in safeguarded e-money accounts with regulated issuers, though card balances themselves are not insured. Legal protections under FCA and other regulators apply.
Can I use this payment method for online casino transactions, and are there any restrictions?
The service supports online casino payments in jurisdictions where gambling is legally permitted. Transaction tracking and notifications enable users to monitor gaming expenses actively. Account blocking may occur if usage violates terms or local laws.
Some merchants may place holds on funds for up to 30-90 days during pre-authorizations common in gambling-related services. Users should verify transaction terms with merchants. No special gambling fees are generally applied.
Responsible gambling controls and notifications assist in expense management, with features allowing users to set spending limits and self-exclude if necessary.
How do I contact customer support and what response times can I expect?
Customer support is primarily via email at [email protected] and through an in-app help center. Phone support is available in select regions, such as Canada, during business hours. Response times vary from hours to days depending on issue complexity.
Live chat is limited, and many users report delays in support responsiveness. Social media channels provide updates but should not be relied upon for urgent support. Users are encouraged to submit detailed requests for quicker handling.
Escalation procedures exist for unresolved complaints, with formal complaint processes directed to regulatory bodies as needed. Proactive documentation and issue tracking improve resolution outcomes.
Industry Sources
- MuchBetter Official Website
- MuchBetter Secures Mastercard Principal Licence – Finextra
- MuchBetter Launches Corporate Card – The Fintech Times
- MuchBetter User Review Summary – Baxity
- MuchBetter Fees & Limits Guide – eWalletBooster
Official Documentation
- MuchBetter Card and Wearables Terms and Conditions
- Compliance Standards – MuchBetter
- MuchBetter Support Center
- Complaints Policy – MuchBetter
Regulatory Information
Third-Party Analysis
- MuchBetter Customer Reviews – Trustpilot
- Comprehensive MuchBetter Review – eWalletUpgrades
- MuchBetter Company Overview – CB Insights
💳 Gambling Databases Rating: MuchBetter Card
| Evaluation Dimension | Score | Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Merchant Acceptance Score | 4.2/10 | 🔴 Poor 3-4 |
| User Convenience Score | 5.1/10 | 🟡 Good 5-7 |
| Overall GDR Rating | 4.7/10 | Below average, limited suitability for gambling industry |
| Casino Compatibility | ⭐️⭐️⭐️ (3 stars) Accepted by approximately 75 online casinos | |
This rating is calculated using the Gambling Databases Rating (GDR) methodology, which provides transparent criteria for evaluating payment services for the iGaming industry. Click the link to learn how we calculate Merchant Acceptance Score, User Convenience Score, and Casino Compatibility ratings.
⚠️ CRITICAL LIMITATIONS & RISKS
READ THIS BEFORE USING THIS PAYMENT METHOD:
- Online casino transactions face geographical restrictions especially in key markets like the US, UK, and certain EU areas where gambling use is limited or blocked.
- Hidden currency conversion fees around 2-3% often apply, compounding user costs.
- First withdrawals undergo extensive KYC checks that can delay processing 5-7 days or longer.
- There is a documented history of accounts related to gambling being blocked suddenly without prior notice.
- Withdrawals are delayed on weekends and holidays; no guaranteed 24/7 processing can frustrate users and merchants.
- Customer support response times can be slow, especially around complex gambling-related disputes.
📊 Merchant Acceptance Score Breakdown
| Criterion | Weight | Score | Justification (INCLUDING ALL DEDUCTIONS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Integration Complexity | 25% | 1.0/2.5 | API available (+1.5). No dedicated gambling plugins (-0.5). Requires approval process of 30+ days (-0.3). No sandbox environment for gambling merchants (-0.2). Final: 1.0/2.5 |
| Transaction Fees & Costs | 30% | 1.5/3.0 | Standard 1-2% transaction fees (+2.0). No fixed fees. No monthly maintenance fees. However, hidden FX conversion fees ~2.5% (-0.5). Chargebacks bear merchant risk but typical fee not excessive (-0.0). No rolling reserves (-0.0). Final: 1.5/3.0 |
| Processing Speed | 20% | 1.2/2.0 | Deposits fast (under 5 mins) (+1.0). Withdrawals medium speed 3-5 days (-0.2). Weekend/holiday delays (-0.3). Additional KYC delays on first withdrawal (-0.3). Batch processing not fully real-time (-0.0). Final: 1.2/2.0 |
| Risk & Chargeback Protection | 15% | 0.5/1.5 | Good fraud detection (+1.0). History of blocking gambling accounts (-0.5). No officially disclosed high chargeback rates but merchant chargeback risk remains (-0.0). Some fund freeze incidents reported (-0.3). Moderate dispute favorability (-0.2). Final: 0.5/1.5 |
| Support & Reliability | 10% | 0.9/1.0 | Business hours support, multi-language (+0.7). No 24/7 support (-0). Slow response times reported (-0.2). No priority merchant account management (-0). Final 0.9/1.0 |
👥 User Convenience Score Breakdown
| Criterion | Weight | Score | Justification (INCLUDING ALL DEDUCTIONS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geographic Availability | 25% | 1.8/2.5 | Available in 100+ countries with strong presence in Europe (+2.0). Not available or gambling restricted in US, UK, Australia (-0.3 each). No VPN required (-0). Frequent policy changes reported (-0.1). Final: 1.8/2.5 |
| Registration & Verification | 20% | 1.1/2.0 | Moderate complexity, identity documents needed (+1.0). Mandatory KYC from start (-0.3). Selfie required (-0.2). Verification >3 days (-0.3). Proof of address required (-0.2). Frequent documents requests (-0.3). Verification before first withdrawal (-0.2). Final: 1.1/2.0 |
| Transaction Speed for Users | 20% | 1.2/2.0 | Instant deposits (+1.0). Withdrawals 3-5 days (-0.6). First withdrawal slower with verification (-0.3). Weekend delays (-0.2). Final: 1.2/2.0 |
| User Fees & Costs | 20% | 1.4/2.0 | No deposit fees (+2.0). Withdrawal fees approx 2% (-0.3). Conversion fees ~2.5% (-0.3). No inactivity fees (+0). ATM withdrawal fees (~0.99%) (-0.2). No hidden fees detected (-0). Final: 1.4/2.0 |
| Security & Privacy | 15% | 1.3/1.5 | Strong security 2FA and biometrics (+1.5). No data breaches known (+0). No data sharing red flags (+0). Final: 1.3/1.5 |
🎰 Casino Compatibility Analysis
Industry Acceptance: ⭐️⭐️⭐️ (3 stars)
Casino Acceptance Level: The service is accepted by a moderate number of online casinos, around 75 globally. Acceptance is stronger in European jurisdictions where regulatory approval exists and weaker in major gambling markets like the US and UK due to restrictions.
Number of Casinos: Approximately 75 online casinos incorporate this payment method for deposits, fewer allow withdrawals.
Deposit Availability: Deposits generally accepted across permitted regions but blocked or restricted in major markets. Deposits may qualify for bonuses depending on casino policy.
Withdrawal Availability: Withdrawals are more limited than deposits, subject to stringent verification and occasional bans on gambling-linked accounts.
Bonus Eligibility: Deposits via this method often qualify for bonuses, but some casinos exclude it from promotions due to chargeback risks.
Gambling-Specific Restrictions:
- Blocked Countries for Gambling: USA, UK, Australia, several EU countries with strict gambling laws.
- Product Restrictions: No explicit product bans but some casinos restrict to deposits only for gambling-related usage.
- Transaction Limits: Daily POS limits (~$10k) and monthly cumulative limits impact large gamblers.
- Account Blocking Risk: Documented abrupt account suspensions for suspected gambling abuse.
- Responsible Gambling Tools: Available but not mandated; user controls exist for spending limits and self-exclusion.
Major Casinos Accepting This Method:
- Betsson Group Casinos
- LeoVegas
- Mr Green
- 888Casino
- Unibet
- Some niche European operators
🔍 Key Highlights
✅ Strengths
- Fast deposit processing with near-instant credit.
- Strong security protocols including 2FA and biometric authentication.
- Multi-currency wallet supporting major fiat currencies and crypto funding options.
- Flexible prepaid virtual and physical card system with wearable payments available.
⚠️ Weaknesses
- Withdrawal processing is slow (3-5 days with delays on weekends/holidays).
- Significant KYC verification delays on first withdrawals cause user frustration.
- Customer support response times and availability are limited.
- Integration lacks gambling-specific plugins and requires lengthy approval.
- Hidden currency conversion fees up to 2.5% increase costs.
🚨 CRITICAL ISSUES
- Gambling Restrictions: Geographic blocks in core markets (US, UK) severely hurt merchant acceptance.
- Hidden Costs: Currency conversion fees and withdrawal charges add significant user expense.
- Processing Problems: Weekend and holiday delays and verification bottlenecks slow user cash-outs.
- Geographic Limitations: Frequent policy changes and blocked countries reduce reliability.
- Security Concerns: Though strong, some history of abrupt gambling account freezes impacts trust.
- Reliability Issues: Reported sluggish customer support responses and lack of 24/7 assistance.
💰 Cost Reality Check
For Merchants/Casinos:
Setup Costs: Modest; relies on standard API integration, but lack of gambling-specific plugins and 30+ day approval delay increases indirect costs.
Per-Transaction Costs: Approximately 1-2% plus hidden currency conversion fees around 2.5%, no fixed fees or monthly charges.
Monthly Operating Costs: No official maintenance fees but operational delays affect cash flow.
Hidden Costs: Chargebacks and verification delays raise indirect operational costs; no rolling reserve.
Total Effective Cost: Realistic cost per $100 processed likely near $3.5-$4.5 factoring fees and FX.
Profitability Assessment: Suitable only for mid-to-large volume casinos in supported geographies that tolerate moderate delays and fees.
For Users/Players:
Deposit Costs: Generally no deposit fees.
Withdrawal Costs: Withdrawal fees around 2%, plus 3-5 day processing delays with weekend hold-ups.
Currency Conversion: Conversion around 2.5%, increasing total cost especially for cross-currency use.
Hidden User Fees: ATM withdrawal fees (~0.99%) and occasional inactivity fees are minimal but present.
Total Cost Example: Depositing $100 and withdrawing $200 winnings could cost up to $8-$10 factoring fees and conversion expenses.
📋 Final Verdict
MuchBetter Card receives a Merchant Acceptance Score of 4.2/10 and a User Convenience Score of 5.1/10, resulting in an Overall GDR Rating of 4.7/10. The service has a Casino Compatibility rating of ⭐️⭐️⭐️.
HONEST ASSESSMENT: This payment method presents moderate acceptance in the iGaming industry with usable security and fast deposits. However, significant drawbacks include slow and lengthy withdrawal processing, extensive KYC hurdles, geographic liability due to gambling restrictions, and hidden currency conversion costs. Merchants and users must expect delays and fees higher than industry best standards. It is suitable mainly for European casinos with patient user bases, not for high-volume or rapid turnaround requirements.
✅ Recommended For / ❌ Not Recommended For
✅ RECOMMENDED FOR:
Merchants/Casinos Should Consider If:
- Operating in Europe or regions without gambling transaction restrictions.
- Handling 1000+ transactions monthly with technical capacity for API integration.
- Aiming for multi-currency support with prepaid card features.
- Can tolerate 3-5 day withdrawals and occasional KYC delays.
Users/Players Should Consider If:
- Located in countries where gambling transactions are unrestricted and supported.
- Prepared to complete full KYC verification promptly.
- Willing to accept moderate withdrawal processing times.
- Prefer prepaid card usage with secure authentication features.
❌ NOT RECOMMENDED FOR:
Merchants/Casinos Should Avoid If:
- Operating primarily in US, UK, Australia, or other restricted gambling markets.
- Needing instant settlements or 24/7 transaction processing.
- Small operators with under 100 daily transactions due to overhead.
- Relying on crypto-only payment acceptance or high-risk gambling verticals.
Users/Players Should Avoid If:
- Residing in blocked countries or regions with gambling prohibitions.
- Demanding instant withdrawals without identity verification delays.
- Seeking privacy or anonymous transaction options.
- Sensitive to user fees exceeding 3-5% total transactional costs.
⚖️ BOTTOM LINE:
Despite its innovative prepaid card features and solid security, MuchBetter’s gambling restrictions, hidden fees, and withdrawal delays make it a suboptimal choice for casino merchants and players focused on speed and reliability.








